How Uranium Is Enriched: The Science, Technology, and Global Controls Behind Nuclear Fuel Production Uranium enrichment is one of the most important—and sensitive—industrial processes in the nuclear fuel cycle. It transforms naturally occurring uranium into a form that can sustain the controlled chain reactions required in most nuclear reactors. While uranium is a common element found in rocks and seawater, only a small fraction of it is usable as fuel in typical power reactors. Enrichment increases the proportion of the key isotope, uranium-235, to make nuclear fission more efficient and controllable. This article explains what enrichment is, why it is needed, the main technologies used, and how the process is tightly regulated worldwide. 1. Natural Uranium: Abundant but Not Immediately Useful Naturally occurring uranium consists primarily of two isotopes: • Uranium-238 (U-238): about 99.3% • Uranium-235 (U-235): about 0.7% Only U-235 is readily fissile, meaning it can sustain a contr...
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