Blurs

In northern Tanzania, near the border with Kenya, lies a lake with an almost otherworldly reputation. Its waters can appear red, orange or pink, temperatures can become extreme, and its chemistry is hostile to most forms of life. Yet Lake Natron is not a dead lake. It is one of the most unusual ecosystems on Earth — and the apparent contradiction at its heart is what makes it so fascinating.  The same conditions that can preserve the remains of animals also create an environment where millions of flamingos can breed. Photographs of apparently petrified birds have helped create the legend that Lake Natron literally turns animals to stone. The reality is stranger, but considerably more scientific. A Lake in the Rift Valley Lake Natron sits in Tanzania's Gregory Rift, part of the enormous East African Rift system. It is a closed basin, meaning water enters the lake but does not flow out to the sea or into another major river system. Instead, water is lost primarily through evaporation...

Sometimes a fossil is more than the remains of a dead animal. Sometimes it is a geographical mystery.  A creature is discovered thousands of miles from where scientists expected it to be. A tropical species turns up in what was once a surprisingly cold region. A land animal appears on an island separated from the mainland by an ocean. A familiar species is found in rocks that suggest an environment completely unlike the one its living relatives inhabit. These discoveries can force scientists to reconsider ancient geography, climate and migration. But they also raise a more intriguing question: How many times have we underestimated the ability of prehistoric animals to cross the planet? The world they inhabited wasn't the world we know today. Continents moved. Seas appeared and disappeared. Land bridges formed and vanished. Ice sheets expanded. Deserts became grasslands, and forests spread across regions that are now frozen or barren. Coastlines also migrated by hundreds of kilometr...

Look at Saturn and it is difficult not to wonder what Earth would look like with rings. A vast band of ice and rock stretching across the sky. A permanent feature visible from the surface. Shadows moving across the planet as the ring system changed with the seasons. It sounds like science fiction. But Earth may actually have had something resembling a ring system in its distant past. Not necessarily a beautiful, permanent structure like Saturn's — but a temporary ring of debris could have formed around our planet after a massive collision. And the most intriguing possibility is that such an event may have played a role in creating the Moon. Earth wasn't always the quiet planet we know today The young Solar System was a chaotic place. Planets were still forming. Asteroids and planetary embryos were moving through unstable orbits, occasionally crossing paths. Collisions were not unusual. Some were relatively small. Others were catastrophic. The leading explanation for the Moon...

We tend to think of Earth's climate as something relatively stable. There are warm places. Cold places. Wet places. Dry places. Ice at the poles. Deserts near the tropics. Forests covering parts of the continents. It feels permanent because human civilisation has existed for such a tiny fraction of Earth's history. But zoom out. Earth is not climatically stable at all. Over billions of years, our planet has moved between conditions that would be almost unrecognisable to us. There have been periods when ice reached surprisingly low latitudes. There have been times when Antarctica supported forests. There have been enormous changes in atmospheric composition. There have been episodes of extreme greenhouse warming. And there have been periods when much of the planet may have been covered in ice. The Earth we know today is only one possible climate state. So how different can our planet actually become? The Earth has never had just one climate Climate isn't determined by temper...